Molds are " all species of small fungi whose spores can be pathogenic to humans and produce an inflammatory response that causes disease. Opportunistic common pathogenic fungus can cause mycoses in immunocompromised patients and cause allergic lung illness and worsen asthma inflammation. Spores may pass through the pulmonary airways and be recognized by innate immune cells like mast cells (MCs) via TLR signaling. Histamine, proteases (tryptase, chimase), pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and arachidonic acid are produced by activated MCs. MCs activated by fungus raise PGD2 levels and cause hypersensitivity disorders with symptoms such respiratory tract and eye irritation, recurrent sinusitis, bronchitis, cough, fatigue, nausea, headaches, and brain fog. Thus, fungi activate the innate immune response through TLRs, releasing myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which causes cascade events to stimulate AP-1, NF-kB, and inflammatory IL-1 family members. Fungal activation of MCs to release pro-inflammatory cytokines may be blocked by IL-37, a novel anti-inflammatory IL-1 family member."
Kritas SK, Gallenga CE, D Ovidio C, Ronconi G, Caraffa Al, Toniato E, Lauritano D, Conti P. Impact of mold on mast cell-cytokine immune response. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2018 Jul-Aug;32(4):763-768. PMID: 30043558.
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